TY - JOUR AU - Gubio, Aishatu AU - Olonitola, Steve AU - Jattau, Edward AU - Mukhtar, Maryam PY - 2017/05/02 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Sero-Prevalence of Rubella Virus among Pregnant Women in Kaduna State Nigeria 2015 JF - Online Journal of Public Health Informatics JA - OJPHI VL - 9 IS - 1 SE - Surveillance in Low Resource Income Countries DO - 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7790 UR - https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7790 SP - AB - <div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 284.47px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08117);" data-canvas-width="56.563006734006734">Objective</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 297.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05117);" data-canvas-width="339.3365792929293">To determine the IgM and IgG antibodies of rubella virus</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00121);" data-canvas-width="305.66890067340057">circulating among pregnant women in Kaduna State Nigeria.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 340.639px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11744);" data-canvas-width="73.28565488215487">Introduction</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 353.898px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981354);" data-canvas-width="335.2796723905723">Rubella virus causes -“German measles,” also known as “three-day</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 368.68px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985302);" data-canvas-width="348.5999966329964">measles.” This is usually a milder disease than red measles. Red/Hard</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 383.461px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97171);" data-canvas-width="348.2771025252525">measles or just measles is caused by Rubeola virus. The result of acute</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 398.242px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978407);" data-canvas-width="348.60627861952867">infection of the virus is a benign systematic rash which is significantly</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 413.023px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993311);" data-canvas-width="348.78468703703703">pathogenic to humans. This virus is a, positive-strand RNA virus that</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 427.804px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00573);" data-canvas-width="238.71046262626265">replicates in the cytoplasm of the infected cell.</div><div style="left: 318.505px; top: 427.804px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00496);" data-canvas-width="107.19581818181818">(Brooks et al., 2007).</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 442.585px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00007);" data-canvas-width="348.9894797979797">If placental infection of the virus spread during 8-10 weeks gestation</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 457.366px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02138);" data-canvas-width="349.60008888888876">it causes a chronic infection of the fetus leading to the development</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 472.148px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02917);" data-canvas-width="259.09425252525256">of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) (Matthews</div><div style="left: 339.063px; top: 472.148px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08375);" data-canvas-width="23.02976262626262">et al</div><div style="left: 362.107px; top: 472.148px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05431);" data-canvas-width="67.52884242424243">., 2011) The</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 486.929px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00038);" data-canvas-width="348.98319781144784">effect of the infection of the several organ systems which include the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 501.71px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0024);" data-canvas-width="349.1025555555555">eyes, ears, heart, brain, and endocrine system is known as congenital</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.001);" data-canvas-width="168.88492592592596">rubella infection (CRI) (Chantler</div><div style="left: 248.677px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03054);" data-canvas-width="25.127946127946124">et, al</div><div style="left: 273.799px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00123);" data-canvas-width="35.59373569023569">.,2001)</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 531.272px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971641);" data-canvas-width="337.1919090909091">Rubella is endemic in Nigeria. Studies among women of child</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 546.053px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03243);" data-canvas-width="349.94308535353525">bearing age in Nigeria put seroprevalence at 66.6% in Imo, 77% in</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 560.834px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998599);" data-canvas-width="348.9769158249155">Lagos and 93.5% in Oyo (8-10). Thus as part of the control measure,</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 575.616px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03284);" data-canvas-width="349.66793434343407">the availability of an effective vaccine to prevent Rubella infection</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 590.397px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0178);" data-canvas-width="349.54732020202016">and therefore CRS, is necessary to evaluate the burden of disease in</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 605.178px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0379);" data-canvas-width="349.89408585858604">a country where MMR vaccine is not covered in the immunization</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 619.959px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00122);" data-canvas-width="174.46332996633">schedule or in vaccination strategy</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 648.086px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0727);" data-canvas-width="51.65049326599326">Methods</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 661.346px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01895);" data-canvas-width="336.40791717171714">A cross-sectional study carried out on pregnant women attending</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 676.127px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999857);" data-canvas-width="348.9668646464646">ante-natal clinic from the three different senatorial district in Kaduna</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 690.908px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01459);" data-canvas-width="349.4417828282826">state. Blood samples were screened for rubella IgM &amp; IgG antibody</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 705.69px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02555);" data-canvas-width="349.9694696969695">using commercially produced enzyme linked immunosorbent assay</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 720.471px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02881);" data-canvas-width="349.96695690235697">(ELISA), Questionnaires were administered to obtain demographic</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 735.252px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03962);" data-canvas-width="350.1453653198651">information and possible risk factors associated with rubella virus.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 750.033px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0064);" data-canvas-width="252.97559764309761">Data was analzyed using Epi Info 6 Version 3.5.3.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 778.161px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08437);" data-canvas-width="45.38107070707071">Results</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 791.42px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02786);" data-canvas-width="336.55617205387153">Of the 900 pregnant women screened, 572(63.3%) were positive</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 806.201px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984871);" data-canvas-width="348.5459715488215">for rubella IgG. The prevalence of rubella IgG was highest among the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 820.983px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03644);" data-canvas-width="349.8852910774407">age group 21-25 with 198(34.6%) and IgM was highest among the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 835.764px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985789);" data-canvas-width="348.5748686868685">age group 21-25(51.3%). The IgG test results shows that 317 (66.0%)</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 850.545px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98461);" data-canvas-width="348.3386659932658">pregnant women tested positive for their first trimester, while the IgM</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 865.326px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979121);" data-canvas-width="348.2406670033669">positive results shows 17(33.3%) for their first trimester. Although the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 880.107px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995623);" data-canvas-width="348.7997638047138">southern senatorial district had the highest seroprevalence 14(35.9%)</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 894.888px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04159);" data-canvas-width="352.3691885521887">among the three centres, the differences were not statistically</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 909.669px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00983);" data-canvas-width="349.2822203703703">significant (p&gt;0.05). Only 3 people claimed to have been vaccinated</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 924.451px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03166);" data-canvas-width="349.90539343434335">against rubella virus. Acquisition of primary education and being a</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 939.232px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98235);" data-canvas-width="345.60725824915824">house wife were insignificantly associated with raised titres. (p&gt;0.05).</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 967.359px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10256);" data-canvas-width="75.39640235690236">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 980.619px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982425);" data-canvas-width="334.99070101010096">The serological evidence of rubella virus found in pregnant women</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 995.4px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01508);" data-canvas-width="349.3751937710438">among age group &amp; their first trimester in this study is an indication</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1010.18px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04961);" data-canvas-width="350.22074915824913">that rubella is prevalent in Nigeria. It is however still necessary to</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1024.96px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03397);" data-canvas-width="351.9118599326599">immunize seronegative women against rubella before they get</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1039.74px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00147);" data-canvas-width="47.10233501683501">pregnant.</div> ER -