TY - JOUR AU - Malakhov, Volodymyr AU - Zavialkin, Volodymyr AU - Tarasyuk, Oleksandra AU - Smolnytska, Valentyna PY - 2017/05/02 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Application of GIS for Optimization of Epidemiological Monitoring JF - Online Journal of Public Health Informatics JA - OJPHI VL - 9 IS - 1 SE - Geospatial analysis DO - 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7758 UR - https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7758 SP - AB - <div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 315.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11744);" data-canvas-width="73.28565488215487">Introduction</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 328.77px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982591);" data-canvas-width="335.01457255892245">Technology that combines traditional manipulations with databases</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 343.552px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982614);" data-canvas-width="348.6150734006732">and complete visualization of geographic (spatial) analysis employing</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 358.333px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969817);" data-canvas-width="350.45946464646454">maps has been developed in order to explore the possibilities for</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 373.114px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00756);" data-canvas-width="351.36909629629633">Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to be used in sanitary</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 387.895px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978013);" data-canvas-width="350.58510437710436">and epidemiological surveillance system based on the analysis of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 402.676px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01098);" data-canvas-width="351.0801249158249">morbidity and identification of influence of hazardous chemical</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 417.457px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00088);" data-canvas-width="199.94306734006736">environmental factors on human health.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 445.585px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0727);" data-canvas-width="51.65049326599326">Methods</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 458.844px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01234);" data-canvas-width="338.1216430976431">Graphical analytic method of information processing allowed</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 473.626px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988342);" data-canvas-width="350.4330803030305">visual establishing of mathematically determined cause-and-effect</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 488.407px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01163);" data-canvas-width="349.43298804713805">relationships between levels of air chemical pollution and morbidity</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 503.188px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0013);" data-canvas-width="197.85744781144788">levels for purulent bacterial meningitis.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 531.315px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08437);" data-canvas-width="45.38107070707071">Results</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 544.575px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9796);" data-canvas-width="337.4067530303029">Calculated average annual contaminations of atmosphere of 20</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 559.356px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967723);" data-canvas-width="350.28356902356904">administrative rayons and seven cities of Lviv oblast with carbon</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 574.137px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96817);" data-canvas-width="350.20315959595933">oxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, and dust during the period 2006-2014</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 588.919px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01812);" data-canvas-width="349.4003217171716">were the objects of the study. During a year, 1,920 air samples were</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 603.7px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955161);" data-canvas-width="350.32126094276117">collected per each ingredient for each rayon and city according to</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 618.481px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992616);" data-canvas-width="348.7557898989898">laboratory data of facilities of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 633.262px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0274);" data-canvas-width="351.9533210437709">Service in Lviv oblast. Average annual levels of the chemical</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 648.043px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973708);" data-canvas-width="348.5874326599326">substances were determined within the M.A.C. in all rayons and cities.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 662.824px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953001);" data-canvas-width="350.2596974747473">However, 4-6% of individual samples in the rayons and 8-10% of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 677.605px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999325);" data-canvas-width="348.9643518518517">individual samples in the cities exceeded the allowed concentrations,</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 692.387px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00464);" data-canvas-width="202.36791414141422">which imposed a real ecological danger.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 707.168px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02559);" data-canvas-width="36.51090572390572">Fig. 1.</div><div style="left: 129.634px; top: 707.168px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01496);" data-canvas-width="299.6683471380471">Levels of carbon oxide air contamination within rayons of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 721.949px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976453);" data-canvas-width="55.495069023569016">Lviv oblast</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 736.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976463);" data-canvas-width="337.0260646464648">Morbidity intensity rates for purulent bacterial meningitis were</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 751.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97028);" data-canvas-width="350.51348973063966">determined for the same period according to statistical reports on</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 766.292px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995117);" data-canvas-width="348.78845622895597">infectious disease morbidity in Lviv oblast. In different years, human</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 781.073px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01751);" data-canvas-width="349.530987037037">morbidity fluctuated from 0.7 to 2.3 per 100 thousand of population</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 795.855px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00077);" data-canvas-width="64.56625757575758">in the oblast.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 810.636px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983183);" data-canvas-width="337.33011279461294">The study found the correlation between the concentrations of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 825.417px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973847);" data-canvas-width="348.3612811447812">carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, and dust in the air and levels of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 840.198px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992651);" data-canvas-width="348.8010202020202">incidence of bacterial meningitis in people in the cities of Lviv oblast</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 854.979px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00875);" data-canvas-width="349.29604074074086">with 1,092 thousand inhabitants, which compose 42.3% of all oblast</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 869.76px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02466);" data-canvas-width="349.7156774410774">population. Correlation coefficients are r = 0.78 (p&lt;0.001), r = 0.70</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 884.541px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00344);" data-canvas-width="329.9299326599325">(p&lt;0.001), r = 0.51 (p&lt;0.005), and r =0.68 (p&lt;0.02), respectively.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 899.323px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05012);" data-canvas-width="37.384101851851845">Fig. 2.</div><div style="left: 130.495px; top: 899.323px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03708);" data-canvas-width="299.2147877104377">Correlation dependencies between air contamination and</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 914.104px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03852);" data-canvas-width="349.67044713804717">population morbidity rates for purulent bacterial meningitis within</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 928.885px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988019);" data-canvas-width="105.75096127946127">rayons of Lviv oblast</div><div style="left: 185.563px; top: 928.885px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 943.666px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00862);" data-canvas-width="338.24100084175075">The search for a correlation between chemical contamination</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 958.447px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.950181);" data-canvas-width="349.9041370370369">of atmosphere and the morbidity level the rayon population of the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 973.228px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963652);" data-canvas-width="350.1428525252527">oblast for purulent bacterial meningitis testified the existence of a</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 988.009px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971569);" data-canvas-width="350.21823636363627">statistically significant dependence between the level of morbidity</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1002.79px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03406);" data-canvas-width="349.9945976430978">for all population layers and atmosphere contamination with sulfur</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1017.57px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983573);" data-canvas-width="348.62763737373695">dioxide, lead, carbon monoxide, and dust. The correlation coefficients</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1032.35px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974005);" data-canvas-width="348.6125606060608">are r = 0.62 (p&lt;0.002), r = 0.52 (p&lt;0.005), r = 0.63 (p&lt;0.005), r = 0.56</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1047.13px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00747);" data-canvas-width="134.79886700336704">(p&lt;0.05), correspondingly.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 1061.92px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03894);" data-canvas-width="339.0413259259259">The study found the correlation between the concentrations</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1076.7px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.952586);" data-canvas-width="350.6152579124576">of sulfur dioxide, and lead in the air of Lviv oblast and levels of</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 313.989px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978541);" data-canvas-width="350.333824915825">incidence of purulent bacterial meningitis in children. Correlation</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 328.77px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982516);" data-canvas-width="345.9113063973061">coefficients are r = 0.55 (p&lt;0.05) and r = 0.57 (p&lt;0.001), respectively.</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 356.898px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10256);" data-canvas-width="75.39640235690236">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 465.606px; top: 370.158px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97791);" data-canvas-width="337.33011279461306">Using GIS approach, the study resulted in the development of</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 384.939px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01904);" data-canvas-width="349.8011124579124">medical-geographical maps of administrative rayons of Lviv oblast.</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 399.72px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01485);" data-canvas-width="345.8962296296296">The maps include peculiarities for each year of surveillance. Cause-</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 414.501px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00633);" data-canvas-width="351.27737929292925">and-effect relationships between the levels of the anthropogenic</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 429.282px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968731);" data-canvas-width="350.77733316498296">pollution of the air basin of Lviv oblast and morbidity levels for</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 444.063px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985571);" data-canvas-width="350.5348484848488">purulent bacterial meningitis for the oblast population have been</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 458.844px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00124);" data-canvas-width="262.42370538720536">spatially and temporally visualized as a study result.</div> ER -