TY - JOUR AU - Kia, Grace AU - Ukuma, Blessing I. AU - Okpanachi, Jerome AU - Odoba, Mathias B. PY - 2017/05/02 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Cryptosporidium in Wild Frogs ( Rana spp ) Consumed by humans in Kaduna State Nigeria JF - Online Journal of Public Health Informatics JA - OJPHI VL - 9 IS - 1 SE - One Health DO - 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7740 UR - https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7740 SP - AB - <div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 284.47px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08117);" data-canvas-width="56.563006734006734">Objective</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 297.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03783);" data-canvas-width="157.16273905723907">To evaluate the occurrence of</div><div style="left: 250.358px; top: 297.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00599);" data-canvas-width="86.2466494949495">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 336.664px; top: 297.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04141);" data-canvas-width="92.94575993265991">species in edible</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998296);" data-canvas-width="33.093505050505044">frogs (</div><div style="left: 112.913px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02867);" data-canvas-width="26.52254713804713">Rana</div><div style="left: 139.433px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998758);" data-canvas-width="289.3734276094276">spp) sold at the Hanwa frog market Zaria, Kaduna State,</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 327.292px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00132);" data-canvas-width="40.82034848484848">Nigeria.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 355.42px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11744);" data-canvas-width="73.28565488215487">Introduction</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 368.68px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0008);" data-canvas-width="31.05814141414141">Since</div><div style="left: 123.963px; top: 368.68px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="85.8621919191919">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 209.825px; top: 368.68px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993111);" data-canvas-width="218.81541127946127">can be transmitted by ingestion of infected</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 383.461px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969681);" data-canvas-width="317.1988587542087">food animals and poorly treated water and by direct contact</div><div style="left: 397.031px; top: 383.793px; font-size: 7.53838px; font-family: serif;">1</div><div style="left: 400.864px; top: 383.461px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.858766);" data-canvas-width="29.39844057239057">it is</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 398.242px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.969991);" data-canvas-width="350.5222845117844">possible for infection to occur through ingestion of under cooked</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 413.023px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05216);" data-canvas-width="352.63303198653193">frogs and through handling and processing of infected frogs.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 427.804px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.948388);" data-canvas-width="350.01846919191894">In Burkina Faso frogs caught are sold to market-women who treat</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 442.585px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04535);" data-canvas-width="349.9493673400667">the frogs by emptying their bowels and frying in oil before selling</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 457.366px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00099);" data-canvas-width="349.0610944444444">them, this is not always the case for the Nigerian frog markets where</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 472.148px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00896);" data-canvas-width="349.3186558922559">frogs are sometimes smoked or dried without necessarily been fried,</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 486.929px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00091);" data-canvas-width="100.12481414141413">before consumption</div><div style="left: 179.937px; top: 487.261px; font-size: 7.53838px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 183.706px; top: 486.929px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999895);" data-canvas-width="245.12437087542088">. This may pose a health risk for transmission of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 501.71px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00121);" data-canvas-width="189.82906902356905">cryptosporidiosis from infected frogs.</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00777);" data-canvas-width="61.84364461279461">Presence of</div><div style="left: 154.959px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="85.8621919191919">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 240.821px; top: 516.491px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00903);" data-canvas-width="188.26736717171713">oocysts in frogs may by implication</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 531.272px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999147);" data-canvas-width="58.516704545454544">reveal the</div><div style="left: 138.319px; top: 531.272px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03197);" data-canvas-width="88.47424191919191">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 226.758px; top: 531.272px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99672);" data-canvas-width="204.49373838383838">status of water bodies from various</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 546.053px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98052);" data-canvas-width="348.36253754208747">sources where the frogs were caught. Water management programmes</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 560.834px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994542);" data-canvas-width="81.48616010101009">for treatment of</div><div style="left: 161.297px; top: 560.834px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="85.8621919191919">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 247.159px; top: 560.834px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997392);" data-canvas-width="181.5418723905724">is difficult as the oocyst is resistant</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 575.616px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01297);" data-canvas-width="225.28460101010106">to several disinfectants including chlorine</div><div style="left: 305.095px; top: 575.948px; font-size: 7.53838px; font-family: serif;">1</div><div style="left: 308.963px; top: 575.616px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991613);" data-canvas-width="122.08412626262627">. The consumption of</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 590.397px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01843);" data-canvas-width="351.6304269360269">such treated water in urban areas and untreated water in most</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 605.178px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972307);" data-canvas-width="350.5976683501682">rural communities may expose a great proportion of Nigerians to</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 619.959px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0283);" data-canvas-width="351.7987841750841">cryptosporidiosis. Owing to the number of HIV/AIDS patients</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 634.74px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0271);" data-canvas-width="349.9167010101011">who commonly suffer from cryptosporidial enteritis and cough, the</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 649.521px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03973);" data-canvas-width="349.818702020202">control of cryptosporidiosis in animals and man is of public health</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 664.302px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01242);" data-canvas-width="63.8501111111111">significance.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 692.43px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0727);" data-canvas-width="51.65049326599326">Methods</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 705.69px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00157);" data-canvas-width="338.04625925925916">A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 720.471px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98489);" data-canvas-width="280.5786464646464">April, 2016 using intestinal contents from wild captured</div><div style="left: 360.372px; top: 720.471px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02672);" data-canvas-width="26.472291245791244">Rana</div><div style="left: 386.839px; top: 720.471px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976002);" data-canvas-width="41.5126234006734">species</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 735.252px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04138);" data-canvas-width="349.868957912458">of frogs (n=117), sourced from 8 different locations, from the frog</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 750.033px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00699);" data-canvas-width="349.2231696969697">central collection, sales and processing point at Hanwa in Zaria. The</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 764.814px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989977);" data-canvas-width="348.58743265993263">intestinal contents from the frogs were examined by staining flotation</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 779.595px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05599);" data-canvas-width="352.7373129629631">and sedimentation smears with modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 794.376px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00086);" data-canvas-width="281.257101010101">followed by microscopy and micrometry of the oocysts.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 822.504px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08437);" data-canvas-width="45.38107070707071">Results</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 835.764px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976909);" data-canvas-width="337.39167626262645">Overall, 35.9% of frogs sampled from the Hanwa frog market</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 850.545px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05586);" data-canvas-width="103.14016767676766">were positive for</div><div style="left: 183.001px; top: 850.545px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04775);" data-canvas-width="89.82738181818179">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 272.894px; top: 850.545px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05134);" data-canvas-width="159.50592003366998">oocysts. There were more</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 865.326px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998982);" data-canvas-width="85.64609158249156">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 165.416px; top: 865.326px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98366);" data-canvas-width="263.0305452861953">oocysts detected by sedimentation test (28.2%) than</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 880.107px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04244);" data-canvas-width="349.9644441077435">flotation test (23.9%). Although there was no significant statistical</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 894.888px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03368);" data-canvas-width="286.0879486531987">association between sex of frogs and oocyst detection (</div><div style="left: 365.852px; top: 897.275px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 372.797px; top: 895.221px; font-size: 7.53838px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 376.596px; top: 894.888px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04062);" data-canvas-width="53.08906818181818">=0.5349,</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 909.669px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03737);" data-canvas-width="349.9405725589223">p&gt;0.05); sex wise, female frogs (40%) and frogs within the weight</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 924.451px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02141);" data-canvas-width="212.21555622895625">range 170-219g were more infected with</div><div style="left: 292.02px; top: 924.451px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="85.8621919191919">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 377.882px; top: 924.451px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02871);" data-canvas-width="51.67562121212121">(66.7%).</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 939.232px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00501);" data-canvas-width="188.1706245791246">Oocysts size ranging between 6.10</div><div style="left: 267.877px; top: 941.618px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif;">μ</div><div style="left: 275.276px; top: 939.232px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0005);" data-canvas-width="42.22123148148148">m -7.00</div><div style="left: 317.475px; top: 941.618px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif;">μ</div><div style="left: 324.874px; top: 939.232px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984838);" data-canvas-width="106.18190555555556">m, had the highest</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 954.013px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979832);" data-canvas-width="351.02484343434327">frequency of 10 (23.8%). By size 28.2% of the oocysts detected</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 968.794px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00104);" data-canvas-width="114.11856734006734">suggest infection with</div><div style="left: 193.924px; top: 968.794px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00085);" data-canvas-width="53.04509427609426">C. parvum</div><div style="left: 246.972px; top: 968.794px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00032);" data-canvas-width="24.424363636363633">and</div><div style="left: 271.394px; top: 968.794px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02086);" data-canvas-width="74.69281986531988">C. maleagridis</div><div style="left: 346.085px; top: 968.794px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif;">.</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 996.921px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10256);" data-canvas-width="75.39640235690236">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 93.1212px; top: 1010.18px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966663);" data-canvas-width="160.2082461279461">We present the first report of</div><div style="left: 253.267px; top: 1010.18px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02099);" data-canvas-width="87.53320033670032">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 340.761px; top: 1010.18px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.943555);" data-canvas-width="89.57484595959596">oocysts in wild</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1024.96px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992357);" data-canvas-width="66.43828956228957">edible frogs (</div><div style="left: 146.257px; top: 1024.96px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02867);" data-canvas-width="26.52254713804713">Rana</div><div style="left: 172.778px; top: 1024.96px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989978);" data-canvas-width="255.77736363636365">spp) sold at the Hanwa frog market Zaria, Kaduna</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1039.74px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0405);" data-canvas-width="349.7282414141417">State, Nigeria. Frog consumption is on the increase in Nigeria, but</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1054.52px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986474);" data-canvas-width="348.63643215488236">baseline information on associated zoonoses is rare. A cross-sectional</div><div style="left: 79.8182px; top: 1069.31px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02849);" data-canvas-width="349.9606749158248">study conducted between February and April, 2016 using intestinal</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 282.949px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01277);" data-canvas-width="349.3890141414142">contents from wild captured frogs (n=117), sourced from 8 different</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 297.73px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974529);" data-canvas-width="350.0184691919191">locations using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains and micrometry</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09799);" data-canvas-width="203.34790404040405">revealed 35.9% were positive for</div><div style="left: 655.746px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06305);" data-canvas-width="91.1390606060606">Cryptosporidium</div><div style="left: 746.932px; top: 312.511px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10805);" data-canvas-width="59.15118518518519">oocysts.</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 327.292px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.981883);" data-canvas-width="290.0644461279461">Of the oocysts detected 28.2% suggest infection with</div><div style="left: 742.486px; top: 327.292px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993706);" data-canvas-width="55.79660437710438">C. parvum</div><div style="left: 452.303px; top: 342.073px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00079);" data-canvas-width="21.283370370370367">and</div><div style="left: 473.584px; top: 342.073px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0201);" data-canvas-width="77.83381313131314">C. maleagridis,</div><div style="left: 551.416px; top: 342.073px; font-size: 12.564px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00076);" data-canvas-width="225.78715993265996">this may constitute a health risk for humans.</div> ER -