TY - JOUR AU - Sylverster, Joy AU - Shongwe, Siphiwe AU - Lokotfwako, Vusie AU - Nhlabatsi, Nhlanhla AU - Dlamini, Xolisile AU - Trong, Tony AU - Sahabo, Ruben AU - Shaikh, Affan AU - Ryland, Paige AU - McNabb, Scott J. AU - Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, Harriet PY - 2017/05/02 Y2 - 2024/03/28 TI - Public Health Surveillance Strengthening in the Kingdom of Swaziland JF - Online Journal of Public Health Informatics JA - OJPHI VL - 9 IS - 1 SE - Data Sharing and Collaboration Strategies Across Jurisdictions DO - 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7659 UR - https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7659 SP - AB - <div style="left: 86.4px; top: 375.128px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08175);" data-canvas-width="61.227199999999996">Objective</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 389.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02057);" data-canvas-width="364.00399999999985">To enable coordination of Swaziland Ministry of Health units for</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 405.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="180.55360000000005">public health surveillance (PHS).</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 435.928px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11862);" data-canvas-width="79.3288">Introduction</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 450.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956103);" data-canvas-width="364.75335999999976">In the Kingdom of Swaziland, a baseline assessment found that</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 466.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972123);" data-canvas-width="376.9892800000001">multiple functional units within the Ministry of Health (MoH) perform</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 482.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975732);" data-canvas-width="377.25040000000007">PHS activities. There is limited data sharing and coordination between</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 498.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03443);" data-canvas-width="378.51520000000016">units; roles and responsibilities are unclear. The Epidemiology and</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 514.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01571);" data-canvas-width="378.33432">Disease Control Unit (EDCU) is mandated to coordinate efforts and</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 530.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971705);" data-canvas-width="377.1674400000003">strengthen PHS through implementing Integrated Disease Surveillance</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 546.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02082);" data-canvas-width="378.5206400000001">and Response (IDSR) to fulfill requirements of International Health</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 562.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993897);" data-canvas-width="379.8343999999998">Regulations (2005) (IHR[2005]), and the Global Health Security</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 578.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00094);" data-canvas-width="95.17280000000001">Agenda (GHSA).</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 608.728px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07381);" data-canvas-width="55.9096">Methods</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 623.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998803);" data-canvas-width="365.52855999999986">A baseline assessment that included key informant interviews</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 639.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03611);" data-canvas-width="378.73280000000017">of unit representatives was conducted. Data flows were developed.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 655.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998445);" data-canvas-width="377.69512">Results were disseminated at a facilitated stakeholder workshop with</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 671.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00267);" data-canvas-width="377.87327999999997">unit representatives. A database was then built containing all distinct</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 687.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02922);" data-canvas-width="378.78720000000015">activities found within the IDSR Technical Guidelines (2010), IHR</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 703.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00598);" data-canvas-width="378.01472">[2005], GHSA Action Packages, the baseline assessment, a previous</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 719.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04355);" data-canvas-width="381.52079999999995">CDC IDSR assessment, and suggestions from the stakeholder</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 735.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0382);" data-canvas-width="378.9422399999998">workshop. Activities were categorized by IDSR function (identify,</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 751.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0147);" data-canvas-width="380.44639999999976">report, analyze, investigate, prepare, respond, provide feedback,</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 767.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.974984);" data-canvas-width="379.64264000000037">and evaluate) and designated as an ongoing “role” or a one-time</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 783.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03547);" data-canvas-width="378.73959999999965">implementation activity. A document containing all PHS roles was</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 799.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967519);" data-canvas-width="378.81575999999967">presented at a facilitated consensus workshop; unit representatives</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 815.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09965);" data-canvas-width="382.93520000000007">discussed and designated a lead unit/agency for each role.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 831.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997167);" data-canvas-width="377.5604799999999">One-time implementation activities were assigned a lead actor, target</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 847.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992559);" data-canvas-width="377.51967999999994">completion date, and compiled into a 3-year IDSR Roadmap to guide</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 863.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00185);" data-canvas-width="88.7808">implementation.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 893.528px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0848);" data-canvas-width="49.123200000000004">Results</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 907.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01341);" data-canvas-width="366.2806399999999">A Roles and Responsibilities Framework was developed that</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 923.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997044);" data-canvas-width="377.68015999999983">presents a consensus on lead units for all roles within an IDSR-based</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 939.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977827);" data-canvas-width="379.70655999999985">PHS system that fulfills requirements of IHR [2005] and GHSA.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 955.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00573);" data-canvas-width="378.0201599999999">This document enables coordination by EDCU. The IDSR Roadmap</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 971.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986711);" data-canvas-width="379.66983999999974">provides time-bound activities with assigned actors to implement</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 987.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985369);" data-canvas-width="379.7119999999998">IDSR. EDCU is using these documents to guide coordination of</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1003.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);" data-canvas-width="302.58639999999997">multiple MOH units already performing PHS activities.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1034.33px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10338);" data-canvas-width="81.6136">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 1048.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05352);" data-canvas-width="367.1700799999999">Coordinating well-established programs that already collect</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1064.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996843);" data-canvas-width="377.52104">epidemiological data increases efficiency and enables more complete</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1080.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00978);" data-canvas-width="378.19696">epidemiologic analysis. Stakeholder engagement and clarity of roles</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1096.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994499);" data-canvas-width="380.06424">is critical for EDCU to coordinate PHS. Consolidating activities</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1112.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03769);" data-canvas-width="378.6892800000001">for IDSR, IHR [2005], and GHSA in guiding documents enables a</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1128.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98129);" data-canvas-width="379.3665599999999">streamlined approach for public health surveillance strengthening.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1144.68px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999599);" data-canvas-width="380.13088000000045">Future work aims to achieve data sharing through an electronic</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 373.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989417);" data-canvas-width="377.31431999999984">platform and introduce data standards for interoperability among data</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 389.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00211);" data-canvas-width="23.799999999999997">sets.</div>K ER -