TY - JOUR AU - Barlow, Shari AU - Temte, Jonathan AU - Zheteyeva, Yenlik AU - Fowlkes, Ashley AU - Reed, Carrie AU - Cummings, Derek PY - 2017/05/02 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Utility of Nontraditional Data Sources for Early Detection of Influenza JF - Online Journal of Public Health Informatics JA - OJPHI VL - 9 IS - 1 SE - Information system adoption, utilization, and flexibility DO - 10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7636 UR - https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7636 SP - AB - <div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 367.388px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08186);" data-canvas-width="63.1985303030303">Objective</div><div style="left: 104.045px; top: 382.203px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997609);" data-canvas-width="377.57822954545486">This session will provide an overview of the current systems</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 398.718px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972585);" data-canvas-width="391.4167704545455">for influenza surveillance; review the role of schools in influenza</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 415.233px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02767);" data-canvas-width="391.02932499999974">transmission; discuss relationships between school closures, school</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 431.748px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01723);" data-canvas-width="390.6180151515151">absenteeism, and influenza transmission; and explore the usefulness</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 448.263px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02165);" data-canvas-width="390.81454545454545">of school absenteeism and unplanned school closure monitoring for</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 464.779px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00423);" data-canvas-width="363.74951515151497">early detection of influenza in schools and broader communities.</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 496.206px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11811);" data-canvas-width="81.88294696969696">Introduction</div><div style="left: 104.045px; top: 511.021px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972758);" data-canvas-width="376.32745454545477">Influenza surveillance is conducted through a complex network</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 527.536px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997748);" data-canvas-width="392.1649893939394">of laboratory and epidemiologic systems essential for estimating</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 544.051px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985016);" data-canvas-width="391.83931060606045">population burden of disease, selecting influenza vaccine viruses,</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 560.566px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965309);" data-canvas-width="391.17531893939366">and detecting novel influenza viruses with pandemic potential (1).</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 577.082px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00109);" data-canvas-width="389.8417204545454">Influenza surveillance faces numerous challenges, such as constantly</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 593.597px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0354);" data-canvas-width="390.7583939393941">changing influenza viruses, substantial variability in the number of</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 610.112px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03908);" data-canvas-width="390.7443560606061">affected people and the severity of disease, nonspecific symptoms,</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 626.627px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01144);" data-canvas-width="392.54120454545455">and need for laboratory testing to confirm diagnosis. Exploring</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 643.142px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02909);" data-canvas-width="393.29925000000014">additional components that provide morbidity information may</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 659.657px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00586);" data-canvas-width="219.8472196969698">enhance current influenza surveillance.</div><div style="left: 104.045px; top: 676.172px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971669);" data-canvas-width="376.6025969696969">School-aged children have the highest influenza incidence rates</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 692.688px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.964926);" data-canvas-width="391.7761401515152">among all age groups. Due to the close interaction of children in</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 709.203px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977631);" data-canvas-width="391.52486212121204">schools and subsequent introduction of influenza into households,</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 725.718px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980947);" data-canvas-width="391.7410454545455">it is recognized that schools can serve as amplification points of</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 742.233px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980222);" data-canvas-width="391.4027325757575">influenza transmission in communities. For this reason, pandemic</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 758.748px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01458);" data-canvas-width="390.7808545454545">preparedness recommendations include possible pre-emptive school</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 775.263px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990121);" data-canvas-width="389.5300795454545">closures, before transmission is widespread within a school system or</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 791.779px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01019);" data-canvas-width="390.17020681818184">broader community, to slow influenza transmission until appropriate</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 808.294px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99497);" data-canvas-width="391.8687901515155">vaccines become available. During seasonal influenza epidemics,</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 824.809px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992318);" data-canvas-width="391.96565151515125">school closures are usually reactive, implemented in response to</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 841.324px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962681);" data-canvas-width="391.69893181818213">high absenteeism of students and staff after the disease is already</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 857.839px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00916);" data-canvas-width="390.14072727272736">widespread in the community. Reactive closures are often too late to</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 874.354px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.006);" data-canvas-width="279.1151439393938">reduce influenza transmission and are ineffective.</div><div style="left: 104.045px; top: 890.869px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01651);" data-canvas-width="375.5329106060605">To enhance timely influenza detection, a variety of nontraditional</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 907.385px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00906);" data-canvas-width="390.28672121212105">data sources have been explored. School absenteeism was suggested</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 923.9px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04419);" data-canvas-width="393.4003227272727">by several research groups to improve school-based influenza</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 940.415px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983783);" data-canvas-width="386.1511621212121">surveillance. A study conducted in Japan demonstrated that influenza-</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 956.93px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989399);" data-canvas-width="391.96705530303">associated absenteeism can predict influenza outbreaks with high</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 973.445px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96447);" data-canvas-width="386.3505000000001">sensitivity and specificity (2). Another study found the use of all-</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 989.96px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997607);" data-canvas-width="392.2590431818181">causes absenteeism to be too nonspecific for utility in influenza</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 1006.48px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.992713);" data-canvas-width="392.1383174242425">surveillance (3). Creation of school-based early warning systems</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 1022.99px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0465);" data-canvas-width="391.30306363636345">for pandemic influenza remains an interest, and further studies are</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 1039.51px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965988);" data-canvas-width="391.41817424242447">needed. The panel will discuss how school-based surveillance can</div><div style="left: 89.1818px; top: 1056.02px; font-size: 14.0379px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00492);" data-canvas-width="295.9325227272727">complement existing influenza surveillance systems.</div> ER -