@article{Olayemi_Umoh_Kia_Dzikwi_2017, title={Rabies Vaccination Coverage and Antibody Profile of Owned Dogs in Abuja, Nigeria}, volume={9}, url={https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7751}, DOI={10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7751}, abstractNote={<div style="left: 93.6px; top: 349.188px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08116);" data-canvas-width="66.32946666666668">Objective</div><div style="left: 109.203px; top: 364.731px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.979242);" data-canvas-width="395.79332000000034">To determine the vaccination status of owned dogs, assess the</div><div style="left: 93.6px; top: 382.057px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0417);" data-canvas-width="410.55022666666645">rabies antibody titre of vaccinated dogs and risk factors associated</div><div style="left: 93.6px; top: 399.383px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00108);" data-canvas-width="255.34339999999997">with vaccination of dogs in Abuja, Nigeria.</div><div style="left: 93.6px; top: 432.373px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11779);" data-canvas-width="85.93953333333334">Introduction</div><div style="left: 109.203px; top: 447.915px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.970291);" data-canvas-width="381.6316400000002">Rabies is a zoonotic disease of high public health importance</div><div style="left: 491.023px; top: 448.327px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">1</div><div style="left: 495.517px; top: 447.938px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1);" data-canvas-width="7.366666666666667">.</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 465.264px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05843);" data-canvas-width="413.65306666666686">There have been documented reports of rabies in vaccinated</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 482.59px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03654);" data-canvas-width="28.83313333333334">dogs</div><div style="left: 122.446px; top: 482.994px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 127.018px; top: 482.604px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02493);" data-canvas-width="379.20653333333325">. Rabies is enzootic in domestic dogs in Nigeria. Hence,</div><div style="left: 93.6029px; top: 499.931px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960163);" data-canvas-width="410.6297866666668">annual vaccination campaigns of dogs are advocated with the aim</div><div style="left: 93.6029px; top: 517.257px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.983582);" data-canvas-width="410.95686666666666">of rabies elimination. Vaccination status, type of vaccination and</div><div style="left: 93.6029px; top: 534.583px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973877);" data-canvas-width="410.9111933333333">the immunogenicity of the various rabies vaccines used in Abuja</div><div style="left: 93.6029px; top: 551.91px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03243);" data-canvas-width="410.13180000000017">Nigeria has not been studied. To date, no effective medical therapy</div><div style="left: 93.6029px; top: 569.236px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980069);" data-canvas-width="190.73773333333338">has been established for rabies</div><div style="left: 284.314px; top: 569.661px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">3</div><div style="left: 288.813px; top: 569.271px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96501);" data-canvas-width="215.8728">. Most human rabies deaths occur</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 586.597px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.984823);" data-canvas-width="411.22943333333336">in the developing countries and though effective and economical</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 603.924px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04438);" data-canvas-width="413.2449533333328">control measures are available their application in developing</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 621.25px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04399);" data-canvas-width="410.5826399999996">countries is hampered by a range of economic, social and political</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 638.577px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03663);" data-canvas-width="410.1612666666664">factors. It is widely recognized that the number of deaths officially</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 655.903px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99347);" data-canvas-width="408.9619733333334">reported in most developing countries greatly underestimates the true</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 673.229px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00823);" data-canvas-width="409.6117133333334">incidence of disease, with several factors contributing to widespread</div><div style="left: 93.5965px; top: 690.556px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03403);" data-canvas-width="90.42583333333334">underreporting</div><div style="left: 183.978px; top: 690.994px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">3</div><div style="left: 188.519px; top: 690.604px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00365);" data-canvas-width="317.22045333333335">. Preventive vaccination against rabies virus is a</div><div style="left: 93.6069px; top: 707.931px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989053);" data-canvas-width="401.2917999999998">highly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals</div><div style="left: 494.78px; top: 708.327px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">3</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 725.264px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02459);" data-canvas-width="410.1421133333334">but do people vaccinate and how long does the immunity conferred</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 742.59px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03606);" data-canvas-width="410.38374000000005">by the vaccine remain protective in the dogs in Abuja?. Rabies has</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 759.917px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991063);" data-canvas-width="408.8794666666667">high financial expenditure burden on any country where it is endemic</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 777.243px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01919);" data-canvas-width="410.08759999999984">mainly associated with costs incurred on post-exposure prophylaxis</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 794.57px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.960521);" data-canvas-width="411.11893333333336">(determined by the type of vaccine, vaccine regimen and route of</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 811.896px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00122);" data-canvas-width="353.9978">administration as well as the type of immunoglobulin used).</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 844.885px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07296);" data-canvas-width="60.568733333333334">Methods</div><div style="left: 109.209px; top: 860.428px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978978);" data-canvas-width="393.12511333333333">Dog serum samples (n=276) were collected from Abuja the Federal</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 877.754px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97565);" data-canvas-width="411.3826599999997">Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria, from 5 locations (Phase 1, 2, 3,</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 895.08px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01022);" data-canvas-width="409.71337333333327">Gwagwalada and Kubwa) based on availability and owners consent.</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 912.407px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988005);" data-canvas-width="408.77044000000006">Rabies antibody serum titer was determined using an indirect enzyme</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 929.733px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0094);" data-canvas-width="409.61613333333327">linked immuno-sorbent assay. Face to face structured questionnaires</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 947.06px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02881);" data-canvas-width="410.0846533333331">were used to obtain demographic and zoographic information from</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 964.386px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975986);" data-canvas-width="410.9716000000002">the dog owners. Associations between the demographic variables,</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 981.712px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.989138);" data-canvas-width="408.86031333333335">vaccination status and rabies antibody titer of each dog were assessed</div><div style="left: 93.6061px; top: 999.039px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00029);" data-canvas-width="35.61046666666667">using</div><div style="left: 129.217px; top: 1001.84px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 137.296px; top: 999.527px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 141.716px; top: 999.138px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00099);" data-canvas-width="54.837466666666664">analysis.</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1032.13px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08421);" data-canvas-width="53.21680000000001">Results</div><div style="left: 109.2px; top: 1047.67px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.971857);" data-canvas-width="392.9379999999997">Of the dogs sampled, 229 (83%) had certified antirabies vaccination</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1065px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03152);" data-canvas-width="410.2202000000003">record. The dogs sampled, which were vaccinated from Phase I, II,</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1082.32px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01611);" data-canvas-width="409.8636533333334">III and the satellite towns were; 109/118 (92.37%), 32/33 (96.97%),</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1099.65px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975924);" data-canvas-width="410.91266666666667">48/49 (97.96%) and 40/76 (52.63%), respectively. A total of 276</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1116.97px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962882);" data-canvas-width="410.6209466666665">serum samples were collected, processed and analyzed during this</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1134.3px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993487);" data-canvas-width="408.98554666666666">study. Out of the 276 dogs sampled, 239 (86.6%) had rabies antibody</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1151.63px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01805);" data-canvas-width="27.860733333333332">titre</div><div style="left: 122.593px; top: 1151.63px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif;">≥</div><div style="left: 130.77px; top: 1151.63px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04527);" data-canvas-width="373.45758666666666">0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (13.4%) had less than 0.6EU/ml. There</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1168.95px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00106);" data-canvas-width="398.13886666666644">was a marked decline in rabies antibody titre with increase in time.</div><div style="left: 109.2px; top: 1186.28px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02646);" data-canvas-width="394.52036000000004">Out of the 228 exotic breeds of dogs sampled, 218 (95.6%) were</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1203.61px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.986823);" data-canvas-width="411.4887399999997">vaccinated whilst 11 (22.9%) of the 48indigenous breed of dogs</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1220.93px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961837);" data-canvas-width="410.9288733333333">sampled were vaccinated. All the exotic breed of dogs had rabies</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1238.26px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01684);" data-canvas-width="91.46453333333334">antibody titre</div><div style="left: 185.018px; top: 1238.26px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif;">≥</div><div style="left: 193.327px; top: 1238.26px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00854);" data-canvas-width="312.6148133333334">0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (77.1%) of the indigenous</div><div style="left: 93.5974px; top: 1255.59px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0045);" data-canvas-width="409.4349133333333">breed of dogs had less than 0.6 EU/ml levels of rabies antibody titre.</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 347.404px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02394);" data-canvas-width="409.8813333333333">All dogs within 6 months to 1 year and greater than 10 years of age</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 364.731px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00033);" data-canvas-width="24.958266666666667">had</div><div style="left: 554.813px; top: 364.731px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif;">≥</div><div style="left: 562.902px; top: 364.731px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.985197);" data-canvas-width="376.2304">0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre whilst dogs within 1-5 years had</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 382.057px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01851);" data-canvas-width="409.8665999999999">1 (0.5%) and 36(69.2%) dogs of age 6-10 years had rabies antibody</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 399.383px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01556);" data-canvas-width="409.67654">titre < 0.6EU/ml. Twelve (7.6%) of the males and 25 (21.2%) of the</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 416.71px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.95028);" data-canvas-width="410.2673466666667">females had less than 0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre. All the dogs</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 434.036px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01931);" data-canvas-width="410.05076666666673">acquired by importation and from breeders had rabies antibody titre</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 451.363px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif;">≥</div><div style="left: 538.489px; top: 451.363px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00349);" data-canvas-width="401.26233333333323">0.6EU/ml whilst 37 (27.2%) of the dogs acquired from friends had</div><div style="left: 530.4px; top: 468.689px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00112);" data-canvas-width="237.76653333333346">less than 0.6EU/ml rabies antibody titre.</div><div style="left: 546.003px; top: 486.015px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02546);" data-canvas-width="333.71884">Significant associations were observed between breed (</div><div style="left: 879.919px; top: 488.814px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 888.044px; top: 486.461px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 892.485px; top: 486.071px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06687);" data-canvas-width="48.1338">= 203,</div><div style="left: 530.399px; top: 503.397px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0437);" data-canvas-width="177.74293333333338">df = 1, P-value < 0.05), age (</div><div style="left: 708.068px; top: 506.196px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 716.18px; top: 503.794px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 720.615px; top: 503.404px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04945);" data-canvas-width="220.08653333333342">= 172, df = 3, P-value < 0.05), sex</div><div style="left: 530.408px; top: 520.731px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif;">(</div><div style="left: 535.255px; top: 523.529px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 543.28px; top: 521.127px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 547.666px; top: 520.738px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.968265);" data-canvas-width="236.6762666666667">= 10.75, df = 1, P-value < 0.05), source (</div><div style="left: 784.372px; top: 523.536px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 792.401px; top: 521.127px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 796.788px; top: 520.738px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.964926);" data-canvas-width="142.27832666666666">= 43.99, df = 2, P-value</div><div style="left: 530.394px; top: 538.064px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987303);" data-canvas-width="199.89597333333336">< 0.05), rabies vaccination status (</div><div style="left: 730.29px; top: 540.862px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif;">χ</div><div style="left: 738.378px; top: 538.461px; font-size: 8.84px; font-family: serif;">2</div><div style="left: 742.798px; top: 538.071px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.976348);" data-canvas-width="196.37618000000003">= 276.00, df = 2, P-value < 0.05)</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 555.397px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00075);" data-canvas-width="308.516">and the rabies antibody prevalence of sampled dogs.</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 588.387px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10289);" data-canvas-width="88.41473333333334">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 546.005px; top: 603.929px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996504);" data-canvas-width="393.53617333333335">This cross-sectional study shows that not all dog owners vaccinate</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 621.255px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05323);" data-canvas-width="413.3584000000001">their dogs and that the vaccines conferred protection beyond</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 638.582px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00004);" data-canvas-width="411.765726666667">12 months. The Preventive vaccination against rabies virus is a</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 655.908px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98967);" data-canvas-width="408.81611333333336">highly effective method for preventing rabies in humans and animals.</div><div style="left: 530.402px; top: 673.235px; font-size: 14.7333px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03881);" data-canvas-width="410.60768666666655">Policies to enhance mass mandatory annual vaccination to achieve</div>70% coverage should be implemented in order to eradicate rabies.}, number={1}, journal={Online Journal of Public Health Informatics}, author={Olayemi, Grace and Umoh, Jarlath U. and Kia, Grace S. and Dzikwi, Asabe A.}, year={2017}, month={May} }