@article{Kovalenko_Halka_Molozhanova_2017, title={Antibody Prevalence to Influenza Type A in Wild Boars of Northern Ukraine}, volume={9}, url={https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7738}, DOI={10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7738}, abstractNote={<div style="left: 79.2px; top: 279.334px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08071);" data-canvas-width="56.124933333333345">Objective</div><div style="left: 92.4px; top: 292.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977968);" data-canvas-width="334.79108666666696">A preliminary serological survey was carried out to assess the</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 307.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04145);" data-canvas-width="347.1842">likelihood of Influenza A (IA) infection in wild boars and begin to</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 321.824px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975677);" data-canvas-width="342.98293333333334">characterize the role of wild boars in the epidemiology of the IA virus.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 349.734px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11702);" data-canvas-width="72.71806666666667">Introduction</div><div style="left: 92.4px; top: 362.891px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00649);" data-canvas-width="333.3000733333334">Domestic swine have been viewed as important for the adaptation</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 377.557px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.94522);" data-canvas-width="347.17921333333334">and spillover of IA from birds into human populations as they are</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 392.224px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01425);" data-canvas-width="346.72293333333346">sensitive to both avian and mammalian (including human) influenza</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 406.891px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04499);" data-canvas-width="347.3724466666665">viruses [1]. However, in much of Eurasia and North America wild</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 421.557px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965812);" data-canvas-width="347.5956">swine are geographically widespread, abundant and often come in</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 436.224px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966455);" data-canvas-width="347.7626533333333">close contact with humans in rural and agricultural settings. Until</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 450.891px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956693);" data-canvas-width="347.39114666666666">recently, little attention has been paid to this as an alternate route</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 465.557px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00423);" data-canvas-width="348.7188466666666">for IA transmission to human and domestic populations and its</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 480.224px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01318);" data-canvas-width="121.17600000000002">significance is not clear.</div><div style="left: 92.4px; top: 494.891px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966047);" data-canvas-width="334.38093333333336">Therefore, the monitoring of the exposure of wild mammals to</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 509.557px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02932);" data-canvas-width="347.27520666666663">IA was viewed as essential as potential vectors impacting domestic</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 524.224px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00207);" data-canvas-width="130.88753333333338">animals and public health.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 552.134px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07219);" data-canvas-width="51.25046666666667">Methods</div><div style="left: 92.4px; top: 565.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998485);" data-canvas-width="333.04450666666656">From September to December 2014, wild boar sera were collected</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 579.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01081);" data-canvas-width="348.6802">by professional hunters in 4 Oblasts of Ukraine: Volyn, Rivne,</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 594.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03909);" data-canvas-width="347.1592666666669">Zhytomyr, and Chernihiv. Blood was collected from jugular veins.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 609.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02968);" data-canvas-width="347.0196400000002">Sera were collected in Eppendorf type tubes, separated from whole</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 623.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04148);" data-canvas-width="347.47093333333316">blood without centrifugation and stored at -20C until serologically</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 638.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995545);" data-canvas-width="348.55678000000006">tested. To detect antibodies to IA, a blocking ELISA was used.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 653.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980508);" data-canvas-width="347.8025466666667">Serum samples were tested using commercial test kits “Influenza</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 667.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04033);" data-canvas-width="349.56658">A Ab Test” (IDEXX, USA). Specific antibodies in wild boar</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 682.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02571);" data-canvas-width="346.91118000000006">serum samples were detected based on manufacturer’s instructions.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 697.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01551);" data-canvas-width="348.87966666666676">Briefly, sera were diluted 1:10, and incubated in test wells for</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 711.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01744);" data-canvas-width="346.86131333333344">60 minutes at room temperature, followed by three washes. Anti-IA</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 726.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98204);" data-canvas-width="345.9400266666667">Horseradish Peroxidase HRP conjugate was then added and incubated</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 741.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0424);" data-canvas-width="349.6737933333332">for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following three washes,</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 755.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04421);" data-canvas-width="349.65509333333296">3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), as a substrate, was added</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 770.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03815);" data-canvas-width="347.0720000000002">and incubated for 15 minutes. Absorbencies were measured at 650</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 785.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00685);" data-canvas-width="348.8235666666663">A using a iMark Microplate Absorbance Reader and data were</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 799.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04472);" data-canvas-width="349.75357999999994">analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Based on the manufacturer’s</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 814.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02525);" data-canvas-width="343.0826666666668">instructions, a serum sample was considered positive if the sample/</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 829.291px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996051);" data-canvas-width="348.5680000000004">negative control ratio (S/N) did not exceed a threshold of 0.60.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 843.957px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00421);" data-canvas-width="348.51189999999997">Statistical analyses were performed with the program “Statistics</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 858.624px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00228);" data-canvas-width="60.58800000000001">Calculator”.</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 886.534px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08418);" data-canvas-width="45.02960000000001">Results</div><div style="left: 92.4px; top: 899.691px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.977885);" data-canvas-width="332.72535999999997">Sera from 120 wild boars that were shot in 2014 were tested. Thirty</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 914.357px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01856);" data-canvas-width="346.8027200000001">boars from each of 4 Oblasts were collected in the north central and</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 929.024px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02709);" data-canvas-width="348.9033533333335">northwestern regions of Ukraine. Antibodies against IAV were</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 943.691px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00845);" data-canvas-width="346.48731333333336">detected using ELISA in 27 samples (22.5 %), (Table 1). Antibodies</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 958.357px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.980878);" data-canvas-width="345.89016">to IA virus were detected in at least some of the wild boars from all of</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 973.024px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01424);" data-canvas-width="346.7690600000001">the 4 Oblasts. The highest percentages of seropositive samples were</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 987.691px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.965671);" data-canvas-width="347.77013333333326">detected in wild boar from Volyn and Zhytomyr Oblasts (Fig. 1).</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 1002.36px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.988995);" data-canvas-width="345.62088">The prevalence differences were statistically significant only between</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 1017.02px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.96409);" data-canvas-width="347.2814399999999">samples from Volyn and Chernihiv Oblasts (P<0.05). The average</div><div style="left: 79.2px; top: 1031.69px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00145);" data-canvas-width="245.50606666666673">S/N value of all positive serum samples was 0.36</div><div style="left: 324.686px; top: 1034.06px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif;">±</div><div style="left: 331.528px; top: 1031.69px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00134);" data-canvas-width="24.933333333333337">0.03.</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 279.334px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.1018);" data-canvas-width="74.81246666666668">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 462px; top: 292.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00612);" data-canvas-width="333.2925933333333">This preliminary survey of IA antibodies in wild boar populations</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 307.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03486);" data-canvas-width="347.0221333333336">of northern Ukraine indicates a substantial presence of exposure to</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 321.824px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01304);" data-canvas-width="136.42273333333338">IAV throughout the region.</div><div style="left: 462px; top: 336.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01383);" data-canvas-width="335.81584666666663">Infection of wild boar populations provides an alternative or</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 351.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999621);" data-canvas-width="348.38473999999985">additional route for spillover from wild populations to domestic</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 365.824px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998518);" data-canvas-width="348.2164399999998">animals and humans. This potential has received relatively little</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 380.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998855);" data-canvas-width="346.15320666666673">attention until recently, likely in part because feral swine populations</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 395.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03853);" data-canvas-width="347.23281999999995">have not been viewed as a serious challenge in most regions of the</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 409.824px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00375);" data-canvas-width="323.0237999999999">world where the natural history of IA has received serious study.</div><div style="left: 462px; top: 424.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08285);" data-canvas-width="39.83100000000001">Table 1</div><div style="left: 501.829px; top: 424.491px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00135);" data-canvas-width="262.0867333333333">Seroprevalence of IA virus in wild boars in Ukraine</div><div style="left: 462px; top: 439.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03817);" data-canvas-width="46.70013333333334">Figure 1</div><div style="left: 508.68px; top: 439.157px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.956984);" data-canvas-width="287.89273333333324">Serological surveillance of wild boars for IA virus in</div><div style="left: 448.8px; top: 453.824px; font-size: 12.4667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00147);" data-canvas-width="85.50886666666666">northern Ukraine</div>}, number={1}, journal={Online Journal of Public Health Informatics}, author={Kovalenko, Ganna and Halka, Ihor and Molozhanova, Aliona}, year={2017}, month={May} }