@article{Velychko_Vasiunets_Semenyshyn_Hasiy_2017, title={Activity of Natural Tularemia Foci in West Ukraine}, volume={9}, url={https://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/7673}, DOI={10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7673}, abstractNote={<div style="left: 86.4px; top: 279.128px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.08175);" data-canvas-width="61.227199999999996">Objective</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 293.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987943);" data-canvas-width="363.00304">Stady the activity of natural foci of tularemia and identify the main</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 309.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00131);" data-canvas-width="184.30720000000002">types of reservoirs and vectors of</div><div style="left: 270.697px; top: 309.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04022);" data-canvas-width="123.16159999999999">Francisella tularensis.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 339.928px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.11862);" data-canvas-width="79.3288">Introduction</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 354.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02513);" data-canvas-width="364.2963999999999">Annually sporadic cases of tularemia in humans are registered in</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 370.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02315);" data-canvas-width="378.65256000000005">Ukraine and new enzootic areas are found. Monitoring of tularemia</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 386.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00138);" data-canvas-width="380.0900799999999">natural foci is important given the potential significant financial</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 402.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00805);" data-canvas-width="378.03648000000004">losses in case of tularemia outbreaks and taken into account that this</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 418.281px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00124);" data-canvas-width="240.96480000000003">pathogen can be used as a bioterrorist agent.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 448.728px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07381);" data-canvas-width="55.9096">Methods</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 463.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04197);" data-canvas-width="364.1672">1. Light microscopy of smears of organs and tissues of animals,</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 479.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.982876);" data-canvas-width="377.4408">bacterial suspension (Gram staining) - the study of morphological and</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 495.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00144);" data-canvas-width="198.30160000000006">tinctorial properties of the pathogen.</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 511.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975694);" data-canvas-width="364.47047999999984">2. Immunofluorescence method for detection of antibody (IFA)</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 527.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999508);" data-canvas-width="380.0628799999999">- detection of tularemia bacterial cells using specific fluorescent</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 543.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00179);" data-canvas-width="94.08480000000002">immunoglobulin.</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 559.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03342);" data-canvas-width="366.84639999999996">3. Biological method - subcutaneous infection of laboratory</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 575.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00736);" data-canvas-width="378.0609599999999">animals (white mice) with material from environmental samples and</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 591.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02539);" data-canvas-width="378.41864000000004">bacterial suspension (for accumulation of tularemia agent in organs</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 607.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00155);" data-canvas-width="186.97280000000003">and tissues of laboratory animals).</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 623.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0456);" data-canvas-width="367.2136">4. Bacteriological method - inoculation of samples of wild</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 639.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01802);" data-canvas-width="380.6898399999998">and laboratory animals in differential diagnostic nutrient media</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 655.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00142);" data-canvas-width="273.8224">(for isolation of a pure culture of tularemia agent).</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 671.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00172);" data-canvas-width="123.52880000000002">5. Serological method:</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 687.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.978472);" data-canvas-width="365.3776000000003">- Indirect reaction of agglutination - detection of antibodies to</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 703.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03771);" data-canvas-width="378.6090400000002">tularemia agent in blood of humans, wild rodents (liquid tularemia</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 719.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00139);" data-canvas-width="205.46880000000007">antigen erythrocyte diagnostic agent).</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 735.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03017);" data-canvas-width="364.4228799999998">- Indirect reaction of agglutination - detection of tularemia agent</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 751.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966694);" data-canvas-width="379.50799999999987">and its antigen in suspensions of organs, swabs of substrate from</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 767.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04003);" data-canvas-width="379.0047999999999">nests of rodents, pellets of birds (liquid tularemia immunoglobulin</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 783.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00142);" data-canvas-width="162.03040000000007">erythrocyte diagnostic agent).</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 799.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03553);" data-canvas-width="364.38615999999985">- Reaction of agglutination - detection of tularemia agent and its</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 815.081px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00137);" data-canvas-width="224.74000000000004">antigen (dry tularemia diagnostic serum).</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 845.528px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0848);" data-canvas-width="49.123200000000004">Results</div><div style="left: 100.8px; top: 859.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07506);" data-canvas-width="367.8664">Tularemia in Lviv oblast has been studied for more than</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 875.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973379);" data-canvas-width="377.50879999999995">40 years, 69 enzootic localities in 14 administrative districts have been</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 891.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975934);" data-canvas-width="199.92000000000007">registered. More than 200 cultures of</div><div style="left: 286.22px; top: 891.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02636);" data-canvas-width="118.04799999999997">Francisella tularensis</div><div style="left: 404.193px; top: 891.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.966554);" data-canvas-width="59.459199999999996">have been</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 907.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.973421);" data-canvas-width="377.0871999999998">isolated, mostly from ticks (58.3%) and Myomorphic rodents (24.5%),</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 923.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00776);" data-canvas-width="377.89503999999994">the rest from water, straw, other rodents, and patients. In 2012-2015,</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 939.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.961109);" data-canvas-width="378.88511999999986">210 suspected patients were studied for tularemia, negative results</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 955.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02641);" data-canvas-width="378.7464">were obtained. 22,320 ticks, 1,810 Myomorphic rodents, 282 water</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 971.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987492);" data-canvas-width="377.38640000000004">samples, 15 straw samples, and 3 bird nests were tested for tularemia.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 987.881px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01779);" data-canvas-width="378.44856">Tularemia cultures have not been isolated bacteriologically over the</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1003.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.963412);" data-canvas-width="379.0864000000001">last few years. Pathogen circulation in natural foci was confirmed</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1019.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.967615);" data-canvas-width="379.2727199999999">by immuno-serological studies of field material. Antibodies to the</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1035.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.97251);" data-canvas-width="377.1878399999999">pathogen were detected in 6.5% out of 630 samples from Myomorphic</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1051.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03081);" data-canvas-width="378.7382399999994">rodents of seven species studied by Indirect Hemagglutination test.</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1067.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.98459);" data-canvas-width="377.39319999999975">Most of the positive results were obtained from the samples of striped</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1083.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.972305);" data-canvas-width="379.32848000000007">field mouse (46.3%), red-backed vole (17.0%), and common vole</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1099.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00564);" data-canvas-width="51.20399999999999">(14.6%).</div><div style="left: 138.512px; top: 1099.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05391);" data-canvas-width="121.2168">Francisella tularensis</div><div style="left: 259.785px; top: 1099.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03611);" data-canvas-width="205.25392">antigen was detected in 32 samples</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1115.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00123);" data-canvas-width="105.44623999999997">out of 14,600 ticks</div><div style="left: 191.828px; top: 1115.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02251);" data-canvas-width="74.81360000000001">D. reticulatus</div><div style="left: 266.63px; top: 1115.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00148);" data-canvas-width="197.59167999999997">collected in natural biotopes and in</div><div style="left: 86.4px; top: 1131.88px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00101);" data-canvas-width="186.60560000000007">8.9% out of 289 samples of pellet.</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 279.128px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.10338);" data-canvas-width="81.6136">Conclusions</div><div style="left: 504px; top: 293.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0341);" data-canvas-width="364.33039999999954">No incidence registered in Lviv oblast and difficulty of isolation</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 309.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02955);" data-canvas-width="378.66752000000014">of Francisella tularensis cultures over the last years in other oblasts</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 325.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.953358);" data-canvas-width="379.15032">(the last one happened in 2006) may indicate the decrease of foci</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 341.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00153);" data-canvas-width="380.09824">activity under the influence of anthropogenic and environmental</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 357.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01485);" data-canvas-width="378.28536">factors or changes in parasitic systems. But there are some evidence</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 373.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.975959);" data-canvas-width="379.6643999999999">of agent circulation in the oblast, so some precautions should be</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 389.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997029);" data-canvas-width="377.60808">taken, especially considering the fact that there have been no specific</div><div style="left: 489.6px; top: 405.481px; font-size: 13.6px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00124);" data-canvas-width="249.64159999999998">preventive measures taken over the last years.</div>}, number={1}, journal={Online Journal of Public Health Informatics}, author={Velychko, Oksana and Vasiunets, Liliia and Semenyshyn, Oksana and Hasiy, Lesya}, year={2017}, month={May} }