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Article Information |
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Provision of Telemedicine Services by Community Health Centers |
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Abstract |
The objective of this study was to assess the use of telemedicine services at community health centers. A national survey was distributed to all federally qualified health centers to gather data on their use of health information technology, including telemedicine services. Over a third of responding health centers (37%) provided some type of telemedicine service while 63% provided no telemedicine services. A further analysis that employed ANOVA and chi-square tests to assess differences by the provision of telemedicine services (provided no telemedicine services, provided one telemedicine service, and provided two or more telemedicine services) found that the groups differed by Meaningful Use compliance, location, percentage of elderly patients, mid-level provider, medical, and mental health staffing ratios, the percentage of patients with diabetes with good blood sugar control, and state and local funds per patient and per uninsured patient. This article presents the first national estimate of the use of telemedicine services at community health centers. Further study is needed to determine how to address factors, such as reimbursement and provider shortages, that may serve as obstacles to further expansion of telemedicine services use by community health centers. |
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Community health centers (CHCs) are a vital source of care for medically underserved populations. In 2012, 1,198 federally qualified CHCs served over 21.1 million patients and 93 look-alike CHCs served an additional 951,242 patients [1,2,]. The patient population at CHCs is largely low-income and over one in three patients is uninsured, which illustrates the extent to which CHCs fulfill their statutory requirements to provide comprehensive primary care services to all patients in need, regardless of insurance status, and to charge uninsured patients on an income-based, sliding scale basis.
Data on the use of health information technology (HIT) at community health centers indicates that its use has rapidly expanded in the past few years. While only 26% of surveyed CHCs had an electronic health record (EHR) system in 2006, this had increased to 48% in 2008 and 69% in 2010/2011 [3,4,5,]. The Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC) of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) began reporting the use of EHR systems at CHCs for the year 2011 in its annual report on data from the Uniform Data System (UDS), to which all federally qualified health centers are required to submit annually data on patients served and services provided as well as financial, staffing, and quality of care data. In 2011, 80% of 1,128 CHCs reported that they had a full or partial EHR system in use and this percentage increased to 90% in 2012 [6,7].
Increasingly, CHCs have added telemedicine services to the array of HIT services offered, with the objective of reducing inequities in health care access while improving the cost-effectiveness and quality of health care [8]. Telemedicine may incorporate both synchronous and asynchronous clinical consults, remote monitoring, and various forms of mobile communication; what each of these applications has in common is the exchange of clinical information across locations and between multiple providers, or between providers and patients. There is some evidence that telemedicine can increase access to specialist care and decrease referral wait times [9]. Yet obstacles to widespread implementation of telemedicine remain. Research indicates that barriers to the use of telemedicine include reimbursement and licensing issues as well as problems with applying quality of care measures that may require in-person, face-to-face encounters to the practice of telemedicine [10]. The objective of this study was to gather data on the use of telemedicine services at federally qualified health centers and to determine if health center characteristics varied according to the extent of telemedicine services use.
While telemedicine has been in use for more than a decade, most notably by the Department of Defense and in the Veteran's Administration system, there are relatively few studies documenting its application, benefits, or value. The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed seven studies comparing telemedicine with face-to-face patient care and concluded that although no studies reported detrimental effects of telemedicine, neither were the reported benefits unequivocal [11]. A systematic review of patient satisfaction with telemedicine found that although all the studies on the subject had methodological issues, they also were unanimous in finding good levels of patient satisfaction [12]. Two systematic reviews conducted a decade apart, in 2002 and 2012, both assessed the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine and found limited evidence that telemedicine is more cost-effective than practice-based care [13,14].
CHC-based research provides some evidence that telemedicine can improve health outcomes while providing care with which both patients and providers are satisfied. A comparison of telemedicine-based and practice-based collaborative care at rural CHCs for patients who screened positive for depression found that the telemedicine-based group had significantly better responses to treatment, rates of remission, and reductions in depression severity compared to the practice-based group, although the authors concluded that the significant differences were largely due to better adherence to the collaborative care model in the telemedicine group [15]. A study on the use of telemedicine in Maine, which has one of the largest state-wide telemedicine systems, reported high patient and provider satisfaction rates at CHCs and savings of providers’ time and travel [16].
The Readiness for Meaningful Use (MU) [17] of Health Information Technology and Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Recognition Survey was conducted from December 2010 to February 2011 by researchers from the Milken Institute School of Public Health at the George Washington University's Department of Health Policy in conjunction with the National Association of Community Health Centers. All federally qualified health centers in the United States were invited to participate. Results from the readiness survey were combined with data from the 2009 Uniform Data System (UDS) and analyzed using ANOVA and chi-squared (X2) tests to determine which center-level characteristics were associated with the provision of telemedicine services. In the survey, telemedicine was defined as:
the exchange of clinical information from one location to another through electronic audiovisual media to improve patients' health status. The exchange may either be between providers or between provider and patient. This exchange may be rendered by using audio-visual technology such as webinars or video-conferencing that is interactive in real time (synchronous) or by transmission of clinical information using technology such as email with document and image transfer that is not real-time interactive (asynchronous), i.e. send a message or question and wait for a response.
Of the 714 health centers that completed the readiness survey, 625 health centers answered questions on the provision of telemedicine services (the results for those who responded that they were "not sure" whether telemedicine was offered were not included in the total number of 625). Of those 625 health centers, 396 (63%) provided no telemedicine services, while 229 (37%) provided some type of telemedicine services. This included 147 CHCs that provided one service and 82 that offered two or more services. Table 1 shows the distribution of telemedicine services provided by type of service. The most commonly offered telemedicine service was "consults offsite providers without patients present" (16% of all respondents and 43% of all centers offering some telemedicine) and the least common was "receives information from home monitoring"(4% of respondents and 11% of those offering telemedicine services).
Table 2 presents the results of ANOVA and X2 tests for differences between CHCs that offered no telemedicine services with those that provided at least one telemedicine service and with health centers that provided two or more telemedicine services with respect to the use of health information technology (HIT), health center location and patient population, and quality variables. A review of significant findings follows.
In 2011, CMS began to offer incentives through the Medicaid program to health care practices that demonstrated that their providers had achieved "meaningful use" (MU) of HIT. To qualify for these incentives, providers must comply with a series of defined functional objectives and quality measures, including 15 Core Functional measures and 10 additional "menu set" measures. For Stage 1, these measures focus on the electronic capture of patient information in a standardized format, data tracking, and initiating communication. Centers that provided two or more telemedicine services were more likely to have met core-MU and menu-MU requirements and to have achieved Stage 1 MU compliance at the time of the survey.
Health centers that provide no telemedicine services were more likely to serve urban communities while CHCs that provided two or more services were significantly more likely to serve rural areas. The survey found that among CHCs that provided two or more telemedicine services, a higher proportion was located in rural communities (55%), while 28% percent was located in urban communities and 17% served both urban and rural areas. Conversely, health centers that offered no telemedicine services were more likely to be located in urban areas (47%), while 34.9% were situated in rural areas and 18.2% in both urban and rural settings.
CHCs that provided two or more telemedicine services had a higher percentage of elderly patients (8.7% compared to 7.1% for CHCs that provided no telemedicine services). Health centers that offered two or more telemedicine services also had higher staffing ratios based on full-time equivalent (FTE) staff per 10,000 patients for mid-level providers, such as physician assistants or nurse practitioners (5.2 FTEs per 10,000 patients), and medical personnel [1] (25.9 per 10,000 patients), while CHCs that offered one telemedicine service had the highest ratio of mental health providers (2.6 per 10,000 patients).
Analysis of seven key quality of care measures reported in the UDS related to diabetes management, control of hypertension, childhood immunization rates, cervical cancer screening, birth weight, and trimester of entry into prenatal care, found a significant difference only with respect to "percentage of diabetic patients with HbA1c levels less than 7" (a measure of good control of diabetes), with centers with one telemedicine service reporting the highest percentage (42.2%).
The health centers differed significantly with respect to funding characteristics, with CHCs that offered two or more telemedicine services receiving substantially higher state and local funds per patient and per uninsured patient than those centers that provided no telemedicine services and centers that provide only one telemedicine service.
The results of this survey indicate that over one in three surveyed health centers provides at least one telemedicine service. Health centers that offer telemedicine services are more likely to be located in rural areas and CHCs that offered two or more telemedicine services have more generous state and local funding. The locational finding seems intuitive because reimbursement streams support the provision of telemedicine in rural areas, while limiting the extent to which urban health centers can obtain reimbursement. While these data may reflect the perceived and real value that telemedicine provides in non-urban locations, where access to certain services and specialties may be particularly challenging, it is also likely a reflection of reimbursement rules which, in the case of Medicare, for example, restrict coverage to services rendered in rural health professional shortage areas or outside of Metropolitan Statistical Areas [3,4], limiting the extent to which urban health centers might offer such services.
Research indicates that telemedicine services garner high patient and provider satisfaction and can offer access to specialty services, including behavioral health care, that are not available locally. Despite having demonstrated successful telemedicine experiences at CHCs in New York, California, and South Dakota, among other states, the expansion of telemedicine services at CHCs is limited by the availability of key trained personnel and reimbursement for services [18]. Medicaid reimbursement for telemedicine services is based on Medicare’s definition of telehealth services and is covered at the option of states; according to a recent report, 42 states offer Medicaid reimbursement for telehealth services and 22 states provide reimbursement for telemedicine services offered by health centers [19]. Although telemedicine services can be of great benefit to rural and remote populations by providing access to services that are geographically remote, the value of telemedicine in urban settings should also be considered. Urban health centers also benefit from the use of telemedicine given the general challenges in maintaining capacity for clinical [20], dental [21], and behavioral [22] services in underserved communities. Given the potential of telemedicine services to improve health centers’ ability to served medically underserved populations, further study is needed to determine the extent to which CHCs’ provision of telemedicine services is limited by reimbursement constraints and a shortage of consulting specialists and trained local providers who can facilitate the provision of telemedicine services.
This survey provides the first and, to the best of our knowledge, only national estimate of the use and scope of telemedicine in community health center settings. Although the study findings are limited to the survey period of 2010-2011 and the survey did not specifically ask about barriers to the use of telemedicine services, they provide significant insight about some of the internal, organizational, and financial factors that likely influence health center adoption and use of telemedicine. We have also tried to minimize reporting errors by providing health centers with a standard definition of telemedicine services. We also believe misreporting is minimal due to health centers’ regular self-reporting of UDS data, in which all grantees must submit information on adoption and use of electronic health records to HRSA, so health centers would be accustomed to providing detailed data on their use of health information technology.
HRSA. 2012 Health Center Data National Program Grantee Data http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/datacenter.aspx?year=2012 |
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HRSA. 2012 Health Center Data National Look-Alikes Data http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/lookalikes.aspx?state=national&year=2012 |
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Cunningham M, Lara A, Shin P. (2011). Results from the 2010–11 Readiness for Meaningful Use of HIT and Patient Centered Medical Home Recognition Survey. Policy Research Brief #27 Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, Issue No. 27. Retrieved from http://www.rchnfoundation.org/?p=905 |
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Lardiere M. (2009). A National Survey of Health Information Technology (HIT) Adoption in Federally Qualified Health Centers. National Association of Community Health Centers. Retrieved from http://www.nachc.com/client/NACHC%202008%20HIT%20Survey%20Analysis_FINAL_6_9_091.pdf |
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Edwards MA, Patel AC. 2003. Telemedicine in the state of Maine: A model for growth driven by rural needs. Telemed J E Health. 9(1), 25-39. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153056203763317620 |
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For an overview of Meaningful Use, see Shin, P. & Sharac, J. (2013). Readiness for Meaningful Use of Health Information Technology and Patient Centered Medical Home Recognition Survey Results. Medicare & Medicaid Research Review, 3(4), E1–E11. |
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National Association of Community Health Centers. (2013). FQHC Reimbursement for Telemedicine Services in Medicaid. State Policy Report #48. Retrieved from http://www.nachc.com/client/Telemedicine%20%20SPR48.pdf |
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