Journal Information Journal ID (publisher-id): OJPHI ISSN: 1947-2579 Publisher: University of Illinois at Chicago Library |
Article Information ©2013 the author(s) open-access: This is an Open Access article. Authors own copyright of their articles appearing in the Online Journal of Public Health Informatics. Readers may copy articles without permission of the copyright owner(s), as long as the author and OJPHI are acknowledged in the copy and the copy is used for educational, not-for-profit purposes. Electronic publication date: Day: 4 Month: 4 Year: 2013 collection publication date: Year: 2013 Volume: 5E-location ID: e7 Publisher Id: ojphi-05-7 |
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Sequential Bayesian Inference for Detection and Response to Seasonal Epidemics | |
Michael Ludkovski* | |
Junjing Lin | |
Statistics and Applied Probability, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA |
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*Michael Ludkovski, E-mail: ludkovski@pstat.ucsb.edu |
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Abstract |
Objective
Development of a sequential Bayesian methodology for inference and detection of seasonal infectious disease epidemics.
Introduction
Detection and response to seasonal outbreaks of endemic diseases provides an excellent testbed for quantitative bio-surveillance. As a case study we focus on annual influenza outbreaks. To incorporate observed year-over-year variation in flu incidence cases and timing of outbreaks, we analyze a stochastic compartmental SIS model that includes seasonal forcing by a latent Markovian factor. Epidemic detection then consists in identifying the presence of the environmental factor (“high” flu season), as well as estimation of the epidemic parameters, such as contact and recovery rates.
Methods
Anticipating policy-making applications, we consider sequential Bayesian inference. To focus on intrinsic model uncertainty, we assume full observation of all individual status changes, but unobserved seasonal factor M underscore “t” and unknown reaction rates. Using theory of nonlinear filtering of point processes, we derive analytic expressions for conditional likelihoods of latent factor trajectories. We then utilize a Sequential Monte Carlo approach based on Particle Learning (PL) [1] to infer the epidemic parameters in conjunction with online filtering of M underscore “t.” These tools extend the PL method to continuous-time jump-Markov models and are widely applicable in generic stochastic chemical kinetic models. Using the developed inference methods, we then investigate cost-efficient sequential policy making. We analyze and compare several heuristic counter-measure strategies that work by modifying the duration/frequency of the high epidemic season.
Results
The proposed algorithm was implemented in R and extensively tested on simulated data [2]. We find that the PL method is able to efficiently carry out joint inference. We also find that counter-measures incorporating sequential learning are generally more efficient that other inference-free policies.
Conclusions
We developed a new Bayesian approach to joint inference of parameters and latent factors in continuous-time stochastic compartmental models. There is ongoing work [3] to adjust our methods for more realistic observation schemes. |
[Figure ID: f1-ojphi-05-7] |
Fig:
Response strategy based on the Bayesian posterior probability $\Pi^2_t$ (use math notation) of high flu season $\{ M_t = 1\}$. Counter-measures begin when prob > 95% and end when prob <5%. |
We thank Jarad Niemi for useful discussions.
1.. | Carvalho CM, Johannes M, Lopes HF, Polson N. Particle learning for sequential Bayesian computationBayesian Statistics 2011;9:317–360. |
2.. | Lin J, Ludkovski M. Sequential Bayesian Inference in Hidden Markov Stochastic Kinetic Models with Application to Detection and Response to Seasonal Epidemics Submitted 2012 |
3.. | Ludkovski M, Niemi J. Optimal disease outbreak decisions using stochastic simulationProceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation ConferenceJain S |
Article Categories:
Keywords: Bayesian inference, stochastic compartmental models, seasonal epidemics, hidden Markov models. |